The death of Herbert Henry Asquith and the subsequent course of events: A timeline from April 1911

[pipisme]

The Representation of the People Act 1915 applied to elections in Ireland, except for the clauses relating to the redistribution of seats. The constituencies for the Irish House of Commons, and for the Irish constituencies which would elect MPs to the UK House of Commons, were set out in the Government of Ireland Act 1915.

As a result of the redistribution of seats, the reduction in the number of MPs from Ireland from 101 to 42, and the abolition of the nine university seats, the total number of seats was reduced from 670 to 632. The number of seats in England was increased from 456 to 484, in Scotland from 70 to 71, and in Wales from 34 to 35.

The electorate more than tripled from 7,709,981 at the December 1910 general election to somewhere around thirty million. The new register of electors came into force on 15 October 1915.

 

[pipisme]

in the general election campaign, the Liberal Party proudly defended the achievements of Liberal governments since December 1905. Such as old age pensions, free school meal s, health insurance, unemployment insurance, labour exchanges, the removal from trade unions of legal liability caused by strikes, limits to the rent on small houses and proection of tenants from eviction, full adult suffrage, and the curbing of the power of the House of Lords.

The Liberal Party manifesto promised legislation to give local authorities subsidies to build housing for working class people, a living wage for farm workers, the taxation of site values. Also to maintain Britain's existing naval superiority over Germany.

 

[pipisme]

The Liberals strongly attacked the Conservatives for their opposition to health insurance and unemployment insurance, and their intention to repeal the Government of Ireland Act. Liberal speakers asked the Conservative leader, Andrew Bonar Law, if he supported the Ulster Volunteers. He said that he did. They were fighting for Ulster not to be part of Ireland under Home Rule. The Dublin parliament was the first step to an independent Ireland, completely separate from the United Kingdom. The Conservatives also promised that they would impose tariffs to protect British industries from foreign imports. They guaranteed that there would be no tariffs on food imports.

The Liberals campaigned both as a radical reforming government, and as the middle way between socialism and reactionary Toryism. Radicals were staying in the party.

John Burns, the President of the Local Government Board, retired from Parliament. His constituency of Battersea was divided into Battersea North and Battersea South. Keir Hardie, Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party from 1906 to 1980,, died on 26 September 1915. His constituency of Merthyr Tydfil had been a two member seat. In December 1910 it elected Hardie and a Liberal. It was divided into Aberdare, and Merthyr. The number of Labour candidates was up from 56 to 265. In Ireland there were 19 Sinn Fein candidates in the 42 Irish constituencies.

On election day, 28 October 1915, polling stations were open from 8am to 8pm. Voting was reported to be fairly heavy. The first result declared was Salford North where William Byles, a radical Liberal, was re-elected with a reduced majority. (1) The Tories made gains from Liberal, but it was not until the evening of the following day that they won enough seats for an overall majority in the House of Commons, The number of seats for each party were as follows (December 1910 general election):
Conservative: 319 (271)
Liberal: 231 (272)
Labour: 48 (42)
Irish Parliamentary: 30 (74)
All-for-Ireland League: 4 (8)
(Independent Irish Nationalist: 2)
(Other: 1)
-----------------------
Total: 632 (670)
---------'--------------
The Conservative majority over all other parties (313 seats) was only six. However because the Speaker
of the House of Commons, James Lowther, was elected as a Conservative, the Conservative majority was five.

(1) Here is the Wikipedia entry for Byles: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Byles.

 

[pipisme]

The Conservative Party won a majority in the House of Commons because of the redistribution of seats. They gained seats in London and south-east England, West Midlands, including five in Birmingham and a few seats elsewhere. However they lost eight seats in Ireland and the nine university seats. They also lost a few rural seats. It is estimated that they had a net gain of seven seats by redistribution.

The Conservatives won the following nine constituencies in Ireland: Antrim North, Antrim South, Armagh, Belfast East, Belfast North, Belfast South, Down North, Down South, Londonderry City and County. They were all in the counties of Antrim, Armagh, Down, and Londonderry. In the six counties of OTL Northern Ireland they received 55.4% of the total vote.

Thomas Russell, former Vice President Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction Ireland, lost Tyrone North because of redistribution. Sir John Simon, former Attorney-General, was elected for the new constituency of Walthamstow West. His former Walthamstow seat having been divided into four new constituencies.

The Prime Minister, Andrew Bonar Law, appointed his cabinet on 2 November 1915, and other ministers from 3 to 5 November. The members of the cabinet were:
Prime Minister: Andrew Bonar Law
Lord Chancellor: Lord Finlay
Lord President of the Council: Marquess of Lansdowne
Lord Privy Seal: Duke of Devonshire
Chancellor of the Exchequer: Austen Chamberlain
Foreign Secretary: Earl Curzon
Home Secretary: Walter Long
First Lord of the Admiralty: Ernest George Pretyman
President Board of Agriculture and Fisheries: Earl of Selborne
Colonial Secretary: Earl of Derby
President Board of Education: Henry Forster
India Secretary: Earl Newton
Chief Secretary Ireland: Arthur Griffith-Boscawen
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster: Henry Duke
President Local Government Board: William Hayes Fisher
Scotland Secretary: James Clyde
President Board of Trade: Arthur Steel-Maitland
War Secretary: Sir Arthur Lee
First Commissioner of Works: Earl of Lytton.

Ministers outside cabinet:
Attorney-General: Sir Frederick Edwin Smith
Paymaster-General: Laming Worthington-Evans
Postmaster-General: William Bridgeman
Solicitor-General: Sir George Cave.

Among the junior ministers were:
Financial Secretary to the Treasury: Stanley Baldwin
Under-Secretary Foreign Office: Lord Robert Cecil. He was an MP, not a member of the House of Lords.

 

[pipisme]

The twelve women candidates in the general election were:
Mary Anderson; Labour - Stourbridge
Margery Corbett Ashby: Liberal - Birmingham Ladywood
Charlotte Despard: Labour - Battersea North
Nirah Eunice Fox : Independent - Richmond-upon-Thames
Alison Garland: Liberal - Portsmouth South
Eunice Hurley: Independent - Glasgow Bridgeton
Edirh Huw-Martyn: Independent - Hendon
Janet McEwan: Liberal - Enfield
Christabel Pankhurst: Women's Party - Westbury
Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence: Labour - Manchester Rusholme
Emily Frost Phipps: Independent - Chelsea
Ray Strachey: Independent - Brentford and Chiswick
None were elected.

On 16 November 1915, John Patrick Hayden, MP for East Galway and South Roscommon, became leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party in the House of Commons. (1) He succeeded John Redmond, who was President of the Executive Council of Ireland,

The House of Commons debated the second reading of the Government of Ireland Act 1915 (Repeal) Bill, over six days from 6 to 9 March and 13 and 14 March 1916. The debate was opened by Bonar Law. He said that the people of the United Kingdom had voted in the general election for a Conservative and Unionist government pledged to end Home Rule. His speech was frequently interrupted by opposition MPs. The leaders of the Liberal and Labour parties, Sir Edward Grey and Arthur Henderson, gave eloquent and well argued speeches against the bill. John Patrick Hayden spoke passionately against it. He said that the majority of Irish people had voted for Home Rule. They would never allow it to be taken from them. If the bill were passed they would never accept it. They would fight to keep their own government and parliament. He hoped it would be non-violently, but feared it would be violently.

In the vote at the end of the debate the bill received a second reading by a majority ot six, 318 to 312 votes. This was one more than the government's majority of five because there was a by-election pending in the Liberal seat of South Shields. The bill then went to a Committee of the Whole House. It received a third readimg on 7 April. It then went to the House of Lords where it passed all its stages by large majorities. It received the royal assent and became law on 3 May 1916.

There were huge demonstrations against the bill in cities and towns in Ireland, of up to hundreds of thousands of people. These were addressed by Labour, Liberal, Nationalist, and Sinn Fein politicians.

(1) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Patrick_Hayden.

 

[Ramontxo]

Subscribed

 

[sarahz]

The twelve women candidates in the general election were:
Mary Anderson; Labour - Stourbridge
Margery Corbett Ashby: Liberal - Birmingham Ladywood
Charlotte Despard: Labour - Battersea North
Nirah Eunice Fox : Independent - Richmond-upon-Thames
Alison Garland: Liberal - Portsmouth South
Eunice Hurley: Independent - Glasgow Bridgeton
Edirh Huw-Martyn: Independent - Hendon
Janet McEwan: Liberal - Enfield
Christabel Pankhurst: Women's Party - Westbury
Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence: Labour - Manchester Rusholme
Emily Frost Phipps: Independent - Chelsea
Ray Strachey: Independent - Brentford and Chiswick
None were elected.

On 16 November 1915, John Patrick Hayden, MP for East Galway and South Roscommon, became leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party in the House of Commons. (1) He succeeded John Redmond, who was President of the Executive Council of Ireland,

The House of Commons debated the second reading of the Government of Ireland Act 1915 (Repeal) Bill, over six days from 6 to 9 March and 13 and 14 March 1916. The debate was opened by Bonar Law. He said that the people of the United Kingdom had voted in the general election for a Conservative and Unionist government pledged to end Home Rule. His speech was frequently interrupted by opposition MPs. The leaders of the Liberal and Labour parties, Sir Edward Grey and Arthur Henderson, gave eloquent and well argued speeches against the bill. John Patrick Hayden spoke passionately against it. He said that the majority of Irish people had voted for Home Rule. They would never allow it to be taken from them. If the bill were passed they would never accept it. They
would fight to keep their own government and parliament. He hoped it would be non-violently, but feared it would be violently.

In the vote at the end of the debate the bill received a second reading by a majority ot six, 318 to 312 votes. This was one more than the government's majority of five because there was a by-election pending in the Liberal seat of South Shields. The bill then went to a Committee of the Whole House. It received a third readimg on 7 April. It then went to the House of Lords where it passed all its stages by large majorities. It received the royal assent and became law on 3 Msy 1916.

There were huge demonstrations against the bill in cities and towns in Ireland, of up to hundreds of thousands of people. These were addressed by Labour, Liberal, Nationalist, and Sinn Fein politicians.

(1) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Patrick_Hayden.

This risks not just war in Ireland, but the death of the Conservative Party if they are rightly blamed for it.

 

[pipisme]

When members of the Irish House of Commons (MIPs) and Senators arrived at Leinster House in the morning of 8 May 1916, they found the doors locked and armed officers and men of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) standing outside. The most senior officer there told John Redmond, the President of the Executive Council, that the Irish Parliament was now illegal under the Government of Ireland Act 1915 (Repeal) Act 1916. The MIPs and Senators then walked to Mansion House, the official residence of the Lord Mayor of Dublin, and assembled there. (1) But not Conservative MIPs and Senators because they did not recognise what was an illegal Parliament.

Also on 8 May, the RIC also closed the offices of the Irish government with armed officers and men stationed outside them. Irish government ministers and civil servants then used the offices of Dublin City Council.

(1) See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion_House,_Dublin.

 

[pipisme]

Also on 8 May, Redmond and other Irish cabinet ministers gave interviews to British and Irish newspapers. These were published in newspapers around the world.

The next day, 9 May, Sir Edward Grey, obtained an urgent debate in the House of Commons, on the closure of the Irish parliament and government offices. He moved a Liberal motion which condemned it as a blatant attack on democracy in Ireland. The prime minister, Bonar Law defended it. The Parliament of the United Kingdom had passed legislation to repeal Home Rule. Therefore the Irish parliament and government no longer had the legal right to exist. In the debate, Liberal, Labour, Irish Parliamentary and All-for-Ireland League MPs all expressed their outrage. In the vote on the Liberal motion, the government had a majority of eight.

 

[pipisme]

There were now two governments in Ireland. The official government was headed by the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, William St.John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton, with its office in Dublin Castle. He was assisted by the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Arthur Griffith-Boscawen MP. There were the following departments in Dublin under the presidency of the Chief Secretary. The Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction (DATI), the Irish Congested Districts Board, and the Local Government Board for Ireland. The Vice-President of the DATI was Hugh Barrie, Conservative MP for County Londonderry. He was number two to the Chief Secretary. There were the law officers. The Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Sir James Campbell; the Attorney-General for Ireland, Sir Edward Carson; and the Solicitor-General for Ireland, Sir James Chambers,

The illegal Nationalist government was headed by John Redmond, with its offices at various locations in Dublin. The illegal Irish parliament met at Mansion House, Dublin. The responsibilities of the DATI were exercised by the Departments of Agriculture and Fisheries, and Education, and of the Local Government Board of Ireland by the Department of Local Government. The Nationalist government had its own Congested Districts Board, Attorney-General, and Solicitor-General.

Irish County Councils were controlled by the Nationalist Party, except for Antrim, Armagh, Down, and Londonderry which were Conservative controlled, and Tyrone which was controlled by a Nationalist/Liberal coalition. The Nationlist Party had a majority on Irish borough councils, except for Belfast and other councils in the north of Ireland which had Conservative Party majorities. Londonderry Borough Council was controlled by a Nationalist/Liberal coalition. Rural and Urban District Counciis were controlled by the Nationalists or by Independents, The only ones controlled by the Conservatives were in Ulster, and Rathmines Urban District Council in suburban Dublin.

The Conservative controlled councils recognised the authority of the Local Government Board for Ireland, The Nationalist and Nationalist/Liberal controlled councils recpgnised thè authority of the Nationalist government. Independent controlled councils varied as to which government they recognised.

The Irish Parliament voted for the Irish harp flag to be the Irish flag. It also changed the names of King's County to County Leix, Queens County to County Offaly, Queenstown to Cobh, and Kingstown to Dun Laoghaire.

 

[pipisme]

John Dillon, Finance Secretary in the Irish government, was responsible for raising revenue for the government. He did so from income tax, land tax, stamp duties, and also from a government loan issued to the public as a bond. This paid interest at the rate of 4%. It was very popular with the public By July 1916 560,000 people had bought bonds for amounts ranging from £1 to £1000.

Conservative MPs and party activists, and Conservative supporting newspapers were indignant at the continued existence of the illegal Irish government and parliament in Dublin. They insistently demanded that the British government ended them.

 

[pipisme]

In the morning of Tuesday 11 July 1916, officers of the Royal Irish Constabulary entered Dublin city council offices which were being used as Irish government offices, They arrested the following six government ministers: John Redmond, President of the Executive Council; John Dillon, Finance Secretary: Stephen Gwynn, Education Secretary; Denis Kilbride, Works Secretary: James Lardner, Postmaster-General: and Thomas O'Donell, Home Affairs Secretary. They were taken to Dublin Magistrates Court, where they remanded in custody in Kilnmainham Gaol.
.
The following day, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne, Lord President of the Council from 3 November 1915 and leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords from 1903, resigned from the cabinet and from the Conservative Party. His record of public service was long and distinguished. A Junior Lord of the Treasury (junior Government Whip) 1869-1872, Under-Secretary for War 1869-1872, Under-Secretary India Office 1880, all in Liberal governments. He resigned and opposed the Liberal government in the House of Lords. He was Governor-General of Canada 1883-1888, Viceroy of India 1888-1894, Secretary of State for War 1895- 1 November 1900, Foreign Secretary 1 November 1900- 4 December 1905, these posts in Conservative governments. In his resignation statement in the Lords, he said that he was appalled by the arrest of ministers of the democratically elected Irish government. He now believed in Home Rule. It was only by having self-government that Ireland would stay within the United Kingdom and the British Empire.

Also on 12 July, the Irish Parliament voted that they and the Irish government would move to Cork. Parliament would sit in Cork City Hall, and government offices would be in University College, Cork.

On Friday 15 July, the six government ministers arrested were tried in Dublin Criminal Court. They were found guilty by a jury of being members of an illegal government. Dillon and Redmond were each sentenced to five years in prison because they were leading positions in the Irish government, the other four men were each sentenced to three years imprisonment. They were taken away to serve their sentences in prisons in Ireland, The verdicts and prison sentences were prominently reported in newspapers around the world,

(1) See http://www.archiseek.com/2013/city-hall-cork, and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Cork.

 

[pipisme]

Bonar Law made the following changes to his government on 13 July 1916, following the resignation of the Marquess of Lansdowne:
Duke of Devonshire from Lord Privy Seal to Lord President of the Council,
Earl of Derby from Colonial Secretary to Lord Privy Seal,
Ernest Pretyman to First Lord of the Admiralty to Colonial Secretary,
Leopold Amery from Under-Secretary Colonial Office to First Lord of the Admiralty.
He also appointed Earl Curzon as leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords,

Also on 13 July, the Irish National Party met to elect a successor to John Redmond as their leader and President of the Executive Council. They unanimously elected John Joseph Clancy (born 15 July 1847), the Local Government Secretary and MP for Dublin North. (1)

(1) Here is his entry in Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Clancy_(North_Dublin_MP)

 

[pipisme]

Clancy made the following changes to his cabinet on 13 July:
Matthew Keating from Trade Secretary to Finance Secretary,
James John O'Shee from Agriculture and Fisheries Secretary to Local Government Secretary,
John Gordon Swift MacNeil from Attorney-General to Home Affairs Secretary. He appointed James Patrick Farrell Agriculture and Fisheries Secretary, John Boland Education Secretary, William Field Trade Secretary, and Richard Hazleton Works Secretary.

For ministers outside the cabinet he promoted Edward Kelly from Solicitor-General to Attorney-General, appointed Patrick Joseph Brady Solicitor-General, and John Patrick Hayden Postmaster-General. All government departments were headed by different ministers than before 13 July.

 

[Fulton 44]

I may be wrong but I seem to recall that in the summer of 1914 there was a murder in Sarajevo and it led to a diplomatic scuffle of sorts. It may not be important enough to cover but can you tell us what effect the absence of Asquith had on the UK response to this thrash on the continent?

 

[Ventriloquist]

I may be wrong but I seem to recall that in the summer of 1914 there was a murder in Sarajevo and it led to a diplomatic scuffle of sorts. It may not be important enough to cover but can you tell us what effect the absence of Asquith had on the UK response to this thrash on the continent?

If you look upthread you'll find that WWI as we know it was averted because Princip hit the back of the car instead of Franz Ferdinand himself. Granted, it may well happen in the next year or so ITTL, given that tensions are still doubtless incredibly high.

 

[pipisme]

The British government banned the following Irish newspapers on 19 July 1916: the Cork Examiner, the Freeman's Journal , Irish Freedom , Sinn Fein, and the Irish Worker .

On 26 July 1916, Bonar Law appointed the Earl of Selborne Governor-General of Canada. [1] He was the President of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries and Bonar Law made the following changes to his government:
Earl of Lytton from 1st Commissioner of Works to President of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries,
Laming Worthington-Evans promoted to the cabinet from Paymaster-General to 1st Commissioner of Works,
Earl of Crawford appointed Paymaster-General.

The Bodmin by-election, caused by the resignation of Reginald Pole-Carew, was held on 15 August 1916. It was a Liberal gain from Conservative. The percentage votes for each candidate were as follows (1915 general election):
Isaac Foot (Liberal): 57.0 (47.9)
Charles Hanson (Conservative): 43.0 (52.1).

The Abingdon by-election on 29 August 1916, caused by the appointment of Harold Henderson as military secretary to the Earl of Selborne, as Governor-General of Canada, was also a Liberal gain from Conservative. The percentage votes were as follows:
Liberal: 52.3 (42.2)
Conservative: 47.7 (57.8).

In OTL both these by-elections were won by the Conservative Party.

(1) In OTL, Asquith appointed the Duke of Devonshire as Governor-General of Canada.

 

[pipisme]

The Mansfield by-election on 20 September 1916, caused by the death of Arthur Markham (Liberal), was won for the Liberals by his sister, Violet Markham. (1) She was the first woman MP. The percentage votes for each party were as follows (1915 general election):
Violet Markham (Liberal): 46.5 (34.0)
Labour: 35.7 (32.2)
Conservative: 17.8 (33.8)
------------------------------------
Liberal majority: 10.8 (0.2)
-----------------------------------
The St. Pancras West by-election on 16 October 1916, caused by the resignation of Felix Cassel (Conservative) to become Judge Advocate-General of the Armed Forces, was a Liberal gain from Conservative. The percentage votes were as follows:
Arthur Comyns Carr [2] (Liberal): 56.7 (46.3)
Conservative: 43.3 (53.7).

There was a presidential election in the United States on 7 November 1916. Ireland was an issue in the election. The Wilson administration recognised the Irish government in Cork as the rightful government of Ireland. It appointed an envoy to it. The Irish government appointed George Gavan Duffy as its envoy to the USA, based in Washington DC. (3) Both Woodrow Wilson and Charles Hughes, the Republican candidate for President, condemned the British government for banning the Irish parliament and government, and its arrest, trial and imprisonment of six government ministers. But Hughes did not recognise the Irish government and would withdraw the American envoy to it, if he was elected President. Because Irish Americans mostly voted Democrat, the Republicans calculated that they would lose few votes by this policy.

When all the votes had been counted, the number of electoral votes won by each candidate were as follows:
Charles Hughes/Charles Fairbanks (Republican): 276
Woodrow Wilson/Thomas Marshall (Democrat): 255
-------------------
Total: 531
-----------------
So Hughes and Fairbanks were elected President and Vice-President of the USA.

The states won by Hughes/Fairbanks were: Connecticut, California, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin. Total = 21

Wilson/Marshall won the following states: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming. Total = 27.

(1) For her entry in Wikipedia see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Markham.

(2) Here is his entry in Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Comyns_Carr,

(3) For his entry in Wikipedia see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gavan_Duffy.

 

[TimTurner]

The Mansfield by-election on 20 September 1916, caused by the death of Arthur Markham (Liberal), was won for the Liberals by his sister, Violet Markham. (1) She was the first woman MP. The percentage votes for each party were as follows (1915 general election):
Violet Markham (Liberal): 46.5 (34.0)
Labour: 35.7 (32.2)
Conservative: 17.8 (33.8)
------------------------------------
Liberal majority: 10.8 (0.2)
-----------------------------------
The St. Pancras West by-election on 16 October 1916, caused by the resignation of Felix Cassel (Conservative) to become Judge Advocate-General of the Armed Forces, was a Liberal gain from Conservative. The percentage votes were as follows:
Arthur Comyns Carr [2] (Liberal): 56.7 (46.3)
Conservative: 43.3 (53.7).

There was a presidential election in the United States on 7 November 1916. Ireland was an issue in the election. The Wilson administration recognised the Irish government in Cork as the rightful government of Ireland. It appointed an envoy to it. The Irish government appointed George Gavan Duffy as its envoy to the USA, based in Washington DC. (3) Both Woodrow Wilson and Charles Hughes, the Republican candidate for President, condemned the British government for banning the Irish parliament and government, and its arrest, trial and imprisonment of six government ministers. But Hughes did not recognise the Irish government and would withdraw the American envoy to it, if he was elected President. Because Irish Americans mostly voted Democrat, the Republicans calculated that they would lose few votes by this policy.

When all the votes had been counted, the number of electoral votes won by each candidate were as follows:
Charles Hughes/Charles Fairbanks (Republican): 276
Woodrow Wilson/Thomas Marshall (Democrat): 255
-------------------
Total: 531
-----------------
So Hughes and Fairbanks were elected President and Vice-President of the USA.

The states won by Hughes/Fairbanks were: Connecticut, California, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin. Total = 21

Wilson/Marshall won the following states: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming. Total = 27.

(1) For her entry in Wikipedia see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_Markham.

(2) Here is his entry in Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Comyns_Carr,

(3) For his entry in Wikipedia see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gavan_Duffy.

Well plotted out.

 

[pipisme]

Well plotted out.

Thank you.

Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria since 2 December 1848, and King of Hungary since 8 June 1867, died in the Schonbrunn Palace in Vienna on 21 November 1916. He was 86 years old, born 18 August 1830. His reign as Emperor of Austria was the second longest of a European monarch, after Louis XIV of France. His death was mourned throughout the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It was the end of an era. His nephew. Archduke Franz Ferdinand, became Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary as Franz Ferdinand I,

Franz Joseph's magnificent funeral took place in Vienna on 30 November 1916. The funeral procession from the Hofburg Palace through the streets of Vienna to St. Stephen's Cathedral was led by Emperor Franz Ferdinand, and the Empress Sophie. Also in the funeral procession were Franz Joseph's surviving daughters, Archduchess Gisela of Austria, and Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria, his great nephew, Charles, and his wife Zita of Bourbon-Parma. Among the foreign royals there were King George V of the United Kingdom, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, King Alfonso XIII of Spain, King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, and the kings of Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, Serbia, Bavaria, and Saxony, There were over three hundred thousand people at the funeral. (1). Franz Joseph was buried in the imperial crypt beneath the Capuchin Church and monastery in Vienna,

(1) Here is an account of the funeral in OTL: http://royalwatcherblog.com/Funeral-of-Emperor-Franz-Joseph,-1916.